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Newsprint - Unsized, low quality, absorbent paper used for printing newspapers. Nipping - a stage in book binding where after sewing the sheets are pressed to expel air. Object-oriented - A type of drawing that defines an image mathematically rather than as pixels in a bitmap (vector-based as opposed to rasterized). Oblique stroke - (/) Offprint - a run-on or reprint of an article first published in a magazine or journal. Offset Plates - A method in which the plate or cylinder transfers an ink image to an offset or transfer roller, which then transfers the image to stock. Oldstyle (US) - a style of type characterised by stressed strokes and triangular serifs. An example of an oldstyle face is Garamond. Onion skin - a translucent lightweight paper used in air mail stationery. Opacity - term used to describe the degree to which paper will show print through. Optical center - a point above the true centre of the page which will not appear 'low' as the geometric centre does. Orphan - line of type on its own at the top or bottom of a page. OU Red - PMS 200 or 201. (See Pantone Matching System) A dark scarlet red. Outline - a typeface in which the characters are formed with only the outline defined rather than from solid strokes. Output - Computer image transferred to color proof, paper, film, or temporary plate material by an imagesetter device. Overprinting - printing over an area already printed. Contrast with knockout. Overs - additional paper required to compensate for spoilage in printing. Also used to refer to a quantity produced above the number of copies ordered. Overstrike - a method used in word processing to produce a character not in the typeface by superimposing two separate characters, eg $ using s and l. Page proof - Initial output to proofing printer. The best stage for identifying and correcting mistakes, typos and other problems. Pagination - the numbering of pages in a book. Pantone Matching System - a registered name for an ink color matching system, usually abbreviated PMS. Paragraph mark - a type symbol used to denote the start of a paragraph. Parallel fold - a method of folding; eg two parallel folds will produce a six page sheet. Paste up - the various elements of a layout mounted in position on pasteboard to form camera-ready artwork. Now seldom used in the era of desktop publishing. Perfect binding -An inexpensive bookbinding technique in which the pages are glued rather than sewn to the cover and used primarily for paperbacks, small manuals, phone books, etc. Perfector - a printing press which prints both sides of the paper at one pass through the machine. Pi fonts - characters not usually included in a font, but which are added specially. Examples of these are timetable symbols and mathematical signs. Pica - a printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 points to a pica. Originally, one pica was approximately 0.166in. Now, in the era of computerization, a pica is 1/6 of an inch. Picking - the effect of ink being too tacky and lifting fibres out of the paper. Shows up as small white dots on areas of solid color. Pigment - Particles that absorb and reflect light and appear colored to our eyes; the substance that gives ink its color. Pixel - The smallest distinct unit of a bitmapped image displayed on a screen. PMS - Pantone Matching System. A commonly used system for identifying specific ink colors. Point - In measuring a paper's caliper, one point equals a thousandth of an inch. In typography, it is the smallest unit of measurement used principally for designating type size, one point approximating 1/72 of an inch and 12 points equaling one pica. Portrait - an upright image or page where the height is greater than the width. Positive - a true photographic image of the original made on paper or film. Posterization - the deliberate constraint of a gradation into visible steps as a special effect. PostScript - a page description language developed by Adobe Systems. Widely supported by both hardware and software vendors it represents the current 'standard' in the market. Press proof - a copy obtained from inked type, plate, block or screen for checking purposes; a reasonably accurate sample of how a finished piece is intended to look. Also, to check for consistency and accuracy. Primary colors - cyan, magenta and yellow. These three colors when mixed together with black will produce a reasonable reproduction of all other colors. Process colors - See four color process. Production coordinator - A person who follows the print job through every step of the process and in general acts as a liaison between Printing Services and the customer. Progressives - color proofs taken at each stage of printing showing each color printed singly and then superimposed on the preceding color. Proofreading - To read and mark typesetting corrections in written matter. Proofreading marks - a standard set of signs and symbols used in copy preparation and to indicate corrections on proofs. Marks are placed both in the text and in the margin with a line connecting them. Proportional spacing - a method of spacing whereby each each character is spaced to accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so increasing readability. Books and magazines are set proportionally spaced, typewritten documents are generally monospaced. QuarkXpress - The industry standard typesetting and page layout program. Highly recommended. Quire - 1/20th of a ream (25 sheets). Rag paper - high quality stationery made from cotton rags. Ragged left/right - successive lines of type which are of unequal length and which are aligned at either the right or left hand column. Ragged Right - Typesetting style that is characterized by lines that end in unequal length, usually lined up flush on one side or the other example?flush left/ragged right. Rasterization - The process of converting mathematical and digital information (vector commands) into a series of dots by an output device. Raster image processor (RIP) - the hardware engine which calculates the bit-mapped image of text and graphics from a series of instructions. Most RIPs operate on PostScript. Ream - 500 sheets of paper. Recto -A right hand book page (usually odd numbered), more significant than the reverse side, which is called the verso. Registration marks - small cross-hairs on film used in the alignment of negatives. Register - the correct positioning of an image especially when printing one color on another. Resolution - the measurement used in typesetting to express quality of output. Measured in dots per inch, the greater the number of dots, the smoother and cleaner appearance the character/image will have. Phographs need to be scanned at a resolution of 300 dots per inch. Screen resolution is 72 dots per inch and something that looks wonderful on your computer screen or on the Internet will look terrible when printed. Retouching - a means of altering artwork or color separations to correct faults or enhance the image. Reverse out - to reproduce as a white image out of a solid background. RGB - red, green, blue. The additive primary colors used for computer monitor displays; also a color model. Cannot be used for printing. All RGB files must be changed to CMYK to be printed. Right reading - a positive or negative which reads from left to right. Roman - type which has vertical stems as distinct from italics or oblique which are set at angles. Rosette - The pattern created when all four color halftone screens are placed at the traditional angles. Rotary press - a web or reel fed printing press which uses a curved printing plate mounted on the plate cylinder. Rough - a preliminary sketch of a proposed design (see also, "Dummy" and "Layout dummy." Royal - a size of printing paper 20in x 25in (508 x 635mm). Ruler - rulers displayed on the sreen that show measures in inches, picas or millimeters. Runaround (see also Text wrap) - the ability within a program to run text around a graphic image within a document, without the need to ajust each line manually. Running head - a line of type at the top of a page which repeats a heading. S/S (Same size) - an instruction to reproduce to the same size as the original. Saddle stitching - a method of binding where the folded pages are stitched through the spine from the outside, using wire staples. Usually limited to 64 pages size. Sans serif - a typeface that has no serifs (small strokes at the end of main stroke of the character). Helvetica, Geneva, and Arial are examples of sans-serif fonts. Saturation - the amount of gray in a color. The higher the gray content, the lower the saturation. Scale - the means within a program to reduce or enlarge the amount of space an image will occupy. Scaling - a means of calculating the amount of enlargement or reduction necessary to accommodate a photograph within the area of a design. Scanner - a digitizing device using light sensitivity to translate a picture or typed text into a pattern of dots which can be understood and stored by a computer. Scanning - Using a scanner to digitize images to be manipulated, output or stored on a computer. Screen angles - the angles used to offset the different films in process color separations. Proper screen angles are critical to minimize moire patterns. Screen frequency - the number of lines or dots per inch on a halftone screen. Section - a printed sheet folded to make a multiple of pages. Security paper - paper incorporating special features (dyes, watermarks etc) for use on cheques. Serif - a small cross stroke at the end of the main stroke of the letter. Set solid - type set without leading (line spacing) between the lines. Type is often set with extra space; eg 9 point set on 10 point. Set off - the accidental transfer of the printed image from one sheet to the back of another. Sheet - a single piece of paper. In poster work refers to the number of Double Crown sets in a full size poster. Sheet fed - a printing press which prints single sheets of paper, not reels. Sheetwise - a method of printing a section. Half the pages from a section are imposed and printed. The remaining half of the pages are then printed on the other side of the sheet. Show-through - see opacity. Sherpa - The final proof stage before printing. This full color output is generated digitally and has replaced the Blueline Side stabbed or stitched - the folded sections of a book are stabbed through with wire staples at the binding edge, prior to the covers being drawn on. Side heading - a subheading set flush into the text at the left edge. Sidebar - a vertical bar positioned usually on the right hand side of the screen. Signature - a letter or figure printed on the first page of each section of a book and used as a guide when collating and binding. Sixteen sheet - a poster size measuring 120in x 80in (3050mm x 2030mm). Size - a solution based on starch or casein which is added to the paper to reduce ink absorbency. Slurring - a smearing of the image, caused by paper slipping during the impression stage. Small caps - a set of capital letters which are smaller than standard and are equal in size to the lower case letters for that typesize. Soft back/cover - a book bound with a paper back cover. Soft dot - a type of dot in a halftone screen whose edge is not smoothly circular. This can create a fuzzier image. Contrast with hard dot. Soft or discretionary hyphen - a specially coded hyphen which is only displayed when formatting of the hyphenated word puts it at the end of a line. Spell check - a facility contained in word processing and page makeup programs to enable a spelling error check to be carried out. Should be used as an adjunct to proofreading, not a replacement of it. Spine - the binding edge at the back of a book. Spot Color - An ink color,The ink is usually Pantone Matching System (PMS) consisting of named or numbered colors. PMS is generally accepted throughout the printing and graphic arts industry as the standard. SRA - a paper size in the series of ISO international paper sizes slightly larger than the A series allowing the printer extra space to bleed. Stat - photostat copy. Stem - the main vertical stroke making up a type character. Stet - used in proof correction work to cancel a previous correction. From the Latin; 'let it stand'. Stock Art - Copyright-free photos. Strawboard - a thicker board made from straw pulp, used in bookwork and in the making of envelopes and cartons. Not suitable for printing. Strike-through - the effect of ink soaking through the printed sheet. Stripping - the preparation and assembling of film prior to platemaking. Style sheet - a collection of tags specifying page layout styles, paragraph settings and type specifications which can be set up by the user and saved for use in other documents. Subscript - the small characters set below the normal letters or figures. Subtractive primaries - The inks (cyan, magenta, and yellow) used in process-color printing to create different colors. In contrast to additive primaries, these produce darker colors when combined. Supercalendered paper - a smooth finished paper with a polished appearance, produced by rolling the paper between calenders. Examples of this are high gloss and art papers. Superscript - the small characters set above the normal letters or figures. Surprint (US) - (see Overprinting) printing over a previously printed area of either text or graphics. Swash letters - italic characters with extra flourishes used at the beginning of chapters. Swatch - a color sample. Tabloid - 11" x 17" - a page half the size of a broadsheet, or twice the size of a sheet of standard typing paper. Tabular setting - text set in columns such as timetables. Tags - the various formats which make up a style sheet- paragraph settings, margins and columns, page layouts, hyphernation and justification, widow and orphan control and automatic section numbering. Template - a standard layout usually containing basic details of the page dimensions. Text wrap - see Runaround. Text - the written or printed material which forms the main body of a publication. Text type - typefaces used for the main text of written material. Generally no larger than 14 point in size. Thin space - the thinnest space normally used to separate words. Thirty two sheet - a poster size measuring 120in x 160in (3048mm x 4064mm). TIFF - a common format for scanned photographs. Tint - the effect of adding white to a solid color or of screening a solid area. Tip in - the separate insertion of a single page into a book either during or after binding by pasting one edge. Transmissive densitometer - Instrument used to measure the coverage of exposed film. Transparency - a full color photographically produced image on transparent film. Trapping - a prepress technique which allows for variation in registration during the press run. This is done primarily by allowing an overlap between abutting colors. Trim - the cutting of the finished product to the correct size. Marks are incorporated on the printed sheet to show where the trimming is to be made. Twin wire - paper which has an identical smooth finish on both sides. Typeface - A complete set of characters forming a family in a particular design or style. Typo (US) - an abbreviation for typographical error. An error in the typeset copy U & lc - an abbreviation for UPPER and lower case. UCR - Undercolor Removal. A technique for reducing the amount of magenta, yellow, and cyan in neutral areas and replacing them with an appropriate amount of black. Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) - gives protection to authors or originators of text, photographs or illustrations etc, to prevent use without permission or acknowledgment. The publication should carry the copyright mark, the name of the originator and the year of publication. Varnishing - a finishing process whereby a transparent varnish is applied over the printed sheet to produce a glossy finish. Vellum - the treated skin of a calf used as a writing material. The name is also used to describe a thick creamy book paper. Vertical justification - the ability to ajust the interline spacing (leading) and manipulation of text in fine increments to make columns and pages end at the same point on a page. Vignette - a small illustration in a book not enclosed in a definite border. Watermark - an impression incorporated in the paper making process showing the name of the paper and/or the company logo. Web - a continuous roll of printing paper used on web-fed presses. Weight - the degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or font. WF - an abbreviation for 'wrong fount'. Used when correcting proofs to indicate where a character is in the wrong typeface. Widow - a single word left on the last line of a paragraph which falls at the top of a page. Wire - the wire mesh used at the wet end of the paper making process. The wire determines the textures of the paper. Wire stitching - see saddle or side stitching. Woodfree paper - made from chemical pulp only with size added. Supplied calendered or supercalendered. Word break - the division of a word at the end of a line. Work and turn - a method of printing where pages are imposed in one forme or assembled on one film. One side is then printed and the sheet is then turned over and printed from the other edge using the same forme. The finished sheet is then cut to produce two complete copies. Work and tumble - a method of printing where pages are again imposed together. The sheet is then printed on one side with the sheet being turned or tumbled from front to rear to print the opposite side. Wove - a finely textured paper without visible wire marks. X-height - the height of a letter excluding the ascenders and descenders; eg 'x', which is also height of the main body. Xerography - a photocopying/printing process in which the image is formed using the electrostatic charge principle. The toner replaces ink and can be dry or liquid. Once formed, the image is sealed by heat |
| Page Modified 1/06/2008 |